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The publisher of MoCA has recommended a MoCA cut-off score of 12 years of formal education. The maximum score is 30, and a score >26 is interpreted as normal cognitive functioning. Further, MoCA shows comparable results to the MMSE in patients with mild AD. Compared to the MMSE, MoCA covers all the cognitive domains, including executive functioning, with better sensitivity and specificity in patients with MCI. It measures different cognitive domains, including attention, concentration, executive functions, memory, language, visuoconstructive skills, abstract thinking, numeracy, and orientation. In addition, MoCA has a high test-retest reliability and good internal consistency. The MoCA has been validated for people aged 55–85 years, is translated into several languages, and is extensively used in different parts of the world. It takes only a few minutes to perform and is suitable for use as a screening tool to identify patients with MCI and VCI in hospitals, in outpatient clinics, and by general practitioners. The test is easy to administer, score, and interpret. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test is a brief measure of global cognitive function developed to detect early suspected cognitive deficits. MMSE does not assess executive function, which is commonly affected in patient with vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) and other cognitive disorders such as frontotemporal dementia and Lewy body dementia.
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This test is, however, of limited value in the early phase of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and cognitive impairment of vascular aetiology. The well-known and probably most used cognitive screening test is the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Screening tools should include a comprehensive cognitive battery, but they may be challenging to use in order to differentiate between underlying pathologies. Several cognitive assessment tools are available to screen for and identify cognitive impairment and dementia, but most of them are developed for identification of degenerative diseases at more advanced stages. Identification of individuals at risk for cognitive decline or with early stages of dementia for targeting known risk factors may preserve brain health. Since there is a lack of effective treatments for most dementia disorders, focus on early detection and prevention is demanding. In addition, vascular contribution to cognitive dysfunctions is suspected to increase. According to the World Alzheimer Report from 2015, approximately 47 million people are living with dementia worldwide, and this number is estimated to nearly triple by 2050. Karger AG, BaselĬognitive decline and dementia due to Alzheimer disease (AD) as well as cerebrovascular disease are expected to become much more prevalent in the years to come, with increasing global socioeconomic impact. Educational level had a significant impact on MoCA scores. Conclusions: Approximately 50% scored below the cut-off score of 26 points, suggesting that the cut-off score may have been set too high to distinguish normal cognitive function from MCI. Those with higher education had significantly higher scores (mean 26.2, 95% CI 26.1-26.3 vs. The mean MoCA score was 25.3 (95% confidence interval 25.2-25.4), and 49% had a score below the suggested cut-off of 26 points. Results: MoCA scores were available in 3,413 participants, of which 47% had higher education (>12 years). The participants were aged 63–65 at the time of data collection. Methods: MoCA scores were assessed in the Akershus Cardiac Examination 1950 Study, a cross-sectional cohort study of all men and women born in 1950 living in Akershus County, Norway. Aims: To investigate Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test scores in a cohort aged 63–65 years from a general population in relation to the proposed cut-off score of 26 for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and to explore the impact of education.
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